<p>Mummy Cave is a rock shelter and archeological site in Park County, Wyoming, United States, near the eastern entrance to Yellowstone National Park. The site is adjacent to the concurrent USA Routes 14/16/20, on the left bank of the North Fork of the Shoshone River at an altitude of 6,310 ft in Shoshone National Forest.</p><br>
<p>At its mouth, the cave is approximately 150 ft wide, and it extends approximately 40 ft into a volcanic cliff above the North Fork. It lies along the left bank of the river, next to the mouth of a small stream and opposite from the mouth of Blackwater Creek. The largest known cave along the North Fork, it is believed to have been carved by the river&#39;s flow; the reason for its diversion away from the alcove is unknown.</p><br>
<p>Mummy Cave was occupied between 7280 BC and AD 1580.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Although it is referred to as a "cave", Mummy Cave is actually a broad, shallow alcove in a vertical cliff. It owes its depth to its overall size and the stability of the parent rock. The alcove&#39;s roof is about 50 ft above the river, with the rock floor of the alcove at about 4 ft above the river. By the time it was discovered, the alcove had been almost entirely filled with alluvium. The cliff is composed of Tertiary period volcanic ash mixed with larger rock fragments of volcanic origin. The cave fill has accumulated for at least 10,000 years and appears to have originated from nearby debris fans formed where weathered material has flowed down channels in neighboring cliffs.</p><br>
<p>Apart from the depth and consistent nature of the alluvium, Mummy Cave is also characterized by extreme dryness. The pointed shape of the cliff above prevents rain and meltwater from percolating through the rock to the cave, and there are no vertical joints in the rock above.</p><br>
<h2>Archeological investigation</h2><br>
<p>The investigation of Mummy Cave was led by Robert Edgar from 1963 to 1965. The alcove was marked out into a 5 ft grid, with a permanent reference mark for elevation marked on the wall. Initial investigation focused on establishing stratigraphy. Once the layers of alluvium in the cave floor were established, the excavation proceeded layer by layer. The excavations terraced the cave floor into 4 to 6 ft levels, following the established reference grid. Digging was done with hand trowels in the artifact-bearing layers while layers devoid of artifacts were excavated with shovels. Spoils were disposed of down the embankment.</p><br>
<p>The site had previously been disturbed by relic hunters, who had dug a 2.5 ft deep pit in what turned out to be the most productive zone of the excavation. The relic hunters appear to have stopped when they encountered a rock cairn that covered what proved to be a human burial site.</p><br>
<p>By the end of 1963 a portion of the site had been excavated to a depth of 20 ft and shored with timbers, while the upper three cultural zones (layers 36–38) were removed across the site. During the 1964 season layers 29–35 were removed and some zones were excavated much more deeply. In 1965 layers 24–28 were removed from the central area of the alcove. By this time it was clear that excavation would proceed for the full depth of the site, and that the disposal of a considerable quantity of excavated debris would need to be addressed. A bulldozer was brought in to remove sections of fill beyond the drip line of the shelter. The 1966 season was directed by Wilfred M. Husted. Results of the Mummy Cave investigations were published in Science in 1968.</p><br>
<h2>Results</h2><br>
<p>The excavation of Mummy Cave yielded a nearly continuous succession of artifacts, which span a period of over 9000 years. The artifacts were disposed in a manner that permitted dating in both relative terms through stratigraphy, as well as through radiocarbon dating to establish an absolute scale. This continuum has proved to be invaluable in relating and dating other excavations in the Rocky Mountain region. In particular, the stone projectile points found at Mummy Cave have been used to set the standard for classifying stone arrowheads and spear heads in the region. The point typology has been extrapolated to define cultural and commercial relationships between peoples throughout the American West. Stratigraphy and carbon dating indicate that Mummy Cave was first occupied near the end of the Pinedale glaciation. Later occupancy spanned the Altithermal, followed by a cooler climate from about 1000 BC.</p><br>
<p>The earliest layers at Mummy Cave yielded a few prismatic stone blades dating to about 7300 BC. Several layers contained no artifacts and were defined by soot layers. By layer 6 the first parallel-oblique points appeared. By Layer 8, roughly corresponding to 6500 BC, the cultural evidence became continuous. Layers 8, 9, 10 and 12 produced lanceolate or leaf-shaped projectile points which have been interpreted as corresponding to Angostura-style points. This implies that the inhabitants of Mummy Cave during this era were big-game hunters from the Great Plains who adapted to the mountain environment. In layer 16, radiocarbon dated to 5630 BC, a new type of point appeared. These Blackwater side-notched points implied the arrival of a group from eastern Nebraska or western Iowa, replacing the previous group which may have moved to the north. The presence of such points suggests a connection with the Simonsen site in northeastern Iowa, which has been dated to the Early Archaic period. This transition coincided with the climatic shift to the Altithermal. Side-notched points recovered from layers 21, 24 and 28 imply a return of the previous inhabitants; the easterners had moved on to the central Columbian Plateau.</p><br>
<p>Layer 30 was dated to 2470±150 BC. Layer 32 was dated to 870±135 BC. It is hypothesized that layers 32–38 represent the presence of people of the Shoshonean culture, with increasingly definitive Shoshonean artifacts present from layer 36 onward, including cordage and basketwork. Layer 38 yielded gray flat-bottomed pottery of Shoshonean manufacture. Layer 36 is notable as the source of the "mummy." The desiccated body of an adult male covered by a sheepskin garment with fur and feather ornament was recovered from this layer and dated to about AD 770 by radiocarbon dating.</p><br>
<p>Several thousand animal bones were discovered in Mummy Cave. While the large majority of the bones could not be identified, researchers at the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) were able to determine the biological origins of over two thousand bones. As at many other archeological sites in the region, significant numbers of Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis) and deer from the genus Odocoileus were identified. Of particular interest to biologists was the much larger number of sheep than deer: eighty-eight sheep and fifteen deer were identified. Such a prevalence of sheep over deer is highly unusual for archeological sites in the region, because deer are equally or more plentiful in areas such as the one in which Mummy Cave is located. This anomaly has led researchers at UTEP to propose that the site was used as a home base for hunters to operate at higher altitudes.</p><br>
<p>The wide range of artifacts discovered at the site has caused Mummy Cave to be seen as a highly significant site for the study of Rocky Mountain archeology. The cave&#39;s significance was recognized by the National Park Service with its placement on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.</p><br>
<p>Victoria Avenue is a divided scenic street in Riverside, California, that cuts through an area referred to as the greenbelt. Originally developed in 1892 to connect the Arlington Heights area to downtown Riverside, the road became a popular tourist attraction because of the many trees and exotic plants used to landscape the route. Beyond the landscaping, the road was surrounded by navel orange groves, the crop that spurred Riverside&#39;s growth. Many of the groves still exist today.</p><br>
<p>The Delphi Baptist Church, also known as Delphi Falls United Church, is a historic Baptist church located at Delphi Falls, New York, Onondaga County, New York. It was built in 1815 and is the only surviving nearly-original church in Onondaga County surviving from the Federal period. A very large, old, and well-lit church, it features large "twenty over twenty sash windows", consisting of 20 glass panes in each of upper and lower sashes.</p><br>
<p>It listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 24, 1979.</p><br>
<p>Barnesville station is a historic train station in Barnesville, Ohio. It is located at 300 East Church Street, between Mulberry and Railroad Streets. The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 8, 1985, as the Barnesville Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Depot.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Founding to Rails: 1808-1960</h3><br>
<p>The village of Barnesville was platted in 1808 by James Barnes, who took advantage of a Drovers&#39; road that ran through the area from the Ohio River. This road, as well as National Road, led to Barnesville being populated quickly. A railroad line was laid out through Barnesville in the middle 1850s and a wooden freight house was built close to the current location of the depot. Passenger service for the town was located in a corner room of the freight house until 1914, when the town was granted a depot by the B&O Railroad.</p><br>
<p>The depot was opened in 1916 and was heralded by the local newspaper as "long needed and greatly desired." The depot was the site of many city events, including troop send-offs during World War I, World War II, and the Korean War, as well as several Farmers&#39; markets held on the site.</p><br>
<h3>Decline: 1960-1984</h3><br>
<p>The area surrounding the depot once consisted of manufacturers and warehouses like the Watt Car and Wheel Company and The Barnesville Glass Company, but has changed to mostly residential. The wooden freight house was demolished in 1962, leaving the depot as the only substantial building on the site. Besides the railroad tunnel west of the site, the depot is the only building in Barnesville relating to the important era of rail in the town. The last passenger departed the depot in 1961. The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway took over the B&O Railroad and operated the depot as offices and freight depot until 1983, when they vacated the "eastern division."</p><br>
<h3>Redevelopment: 1984-present</h3><br>
<p>The building sat vacant and was primarily opened for the Barnesville Pumpkin Festival for exhibits on the early years of Barnesville and the history of the railroad and its impact on the town. The Barnesville Area Chamber of Commerce occupied the depot as offices from late 1990s until 2006, when they moved to a site in downtown Barnesville.</p><br>
<p>The depot has been the center of activity as the Governor&#39;s Rails to Trails program will place a path along the old railway route from the depot to the east end of the town limits and may lead to an extension of the trail to the western limits as well.</p><br>
<p>A pavilion was built beside the depot on the foundations of the old freight house and is the site of the Barnesville Farmers Market as well as events during the Barnesville Pumpkin Festival</p><br>
<h2>Appearance</h2><br>
<p>The depot is built in a Federal style with Spanish Mission elements. The building is a rectangular one-story structure built with buff red bricks in flemish bond with a stone watertable. The depot is surrounded by a brick road leading uphill to Church Street (the depot sits in a depression 30 feet lower than the city).</p><br>
<p>Flat arched windows are double-sashed and contain either 6/6 or 4/4 panels and are set back from the exterior wall. A central door surrounded by a fanlight and side panels rest in the middle of the building. To either side of the door is a window and an unadorned pilaster. A double panel window lights either side of the building. The last 8 feet of the building then sets back from the footprint.</p><br>
<p>The roof protrudes about 5 feet from the wall and is supported by solid molded brackets. The roof is tiled in a reddish colored clay. The roof is protruded by a Mission-style dormer, the window is surrounded by a pillar topped by a stone ball. The dormer rises in a step/curved pattern to an arch. The stylized window lights the waiting room below.</p><br>
<p>The design of the depot reflects many others built by the B&O Railroad during the early 1900s.</p><br>
<p>The Church of St. Luke and St. Matthew is a historic Episcopal church at 520 Clinton Avenue between Fulton Street and Atlantic Avenue in the Clinton Hill neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City. This congregation was founded as St. Luke&#39;s Protestant Episcopal Church in 1842 following the failure of Trinity Church, which had been consecrated in the same building on June 1, 1835, by Bishop Onderdonk of the Diocese of Long Island. The founding of a church in this location resulted from the expansion of Brooklyn beyond initial European settlement in Brooklyn Heights. The building was constructed on a property consisting of eight city lots donated by George W. Pine.</p><br>
<p>The congregations building eventually grew to be the largest in the Episcopal Diocese of Long Island. It merged with the St. Matthews Episcopal Church in 1943, and the Church of St. Michael and St. Mark in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Church building</h2><br>
<h3>1835 building</h3><br>
<p>The original building of St. Lukes Protestant Episcopal Church on Clinton Avenue was constructed in 1835 by Elias Combs, building and hardware merchant, Trinity Church. His widow charged in 1846 that Mr. Combs had not been paid for the construction of this building. She stated that when Trinity Church declared bankruptcy around 1841, and had their mortgage foreclosed on and subsequently dissolved, this allowed the building to be purchased below market value by a new church organization incorporated as "St. Lukes Church" which no longer had any record of debt to Mr. Combs or his widow. Mrs. Combs&#39; accusation was confirmed by other Episcopalian churches in Brooklyn, as well as by a local Brooklyn judge.</p><br>
<p>St. Lukes Church released a statement in response to this, claiming that there had been no malicious attempt to allow mortgage foreclosure in order to avoid paying the builder, but rather that the entire situation had occurred through mismanagement of Trinity Church. The church also stated that, after purchasing the building, St. Lukes Church had offered Mrs. Combs compensation by giving her one of the best pews in the church as well as a deed to the vault containing her late husband&#39;s remains.</p><br>
<p>A fire was attempted on the building on June 27, 1846 but was detected before any major damage was caused, and a $200 reward was offered by the Mayor of Brooklyn for conviction of the perpetrators. The steeple of the church was struck by lightning in 1856, tearing away woodwork but not causing structural damage.</p><br>
<p>Major repairs and alterations in 1880 included an enlarged vestibule and new front porch; altered shape of the gallery; and transformation of the old rectory into a parish hall. In 1881, an anonymous donor provided funding for a new chapel and Sunday school building behind the main church edifice, on Vanderbilt Avenue. This new chapel was consecrated in October 1882.</p><br>
<p>In 1883, the congregation expanded its property holdings along Clinton Avenue, purchasing the house at 520 Clinton Ave, adjacent to its parish building, as a home for the rector.</p><br>
<p>A major fire in November 1887, following all of this expansion and caused by a defective furnace duct, resulted in the destruction of the organ and altar as well as the chancel of the original church; the original building remained intact in spite of damage, however, and continued to be used for Sunday services while a new Sunday school building and parish hall were built.</p><br>
<h3>1888 building</h3><br>
<p>The churchs current building at 520 Clinton Avenue in Brooklyn, New York was built in 1888–91 and was designed by John Welch in the Romanesque Revival style. The AIA Guide to New York City describes the buildings "great facade" as "Eclecticism gone berserk," The building was designated a New York City Landmark in 1981 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The construction of this building, following the 1887 fire, included a new $6,000 organ that was donated by a congregation member and installed in 1889, as well as a new Sunday school building and parish hall. After this initial construction was completed and the church could use these buildings for services, the old stone church which had been damaged in the fire was dismantled and a new building, completed in 1891 and seating 1,500 people, was erected. This construction project resulted in a mortgage that was still $33,000 in 1892, and was paid off by 1896 due to the fundraising efforts of its members. Most of the windows in the nave were also installed in 1896, and were crafted by Tiffany. The rose window was installed in 1890 as a gift from the Sunday school children.</p><br>
<p>A major fire in 1914 destroyed the interior of this building and caused sections of the roof to collapse, but the outer walls remained intact. Damage was estimated at $300,000.</p><br>
<h3>1915 reconstruction</h3><br>
<p>Following the March 1914 fire, the church was reconstructed using the outer walls of the former building, largely along the same design as the original but with an enlarged Sunday school and redesigned parish hall. The building remained under heavy scaffolding for the following year and reopened on September 19, 1915 in time for re-consecration on October 19, 1915. The organ was rebuilt in Hagerston, Maryland, and was designed to be the largest in the city, with four manuals and sixty stops.</p><br>
<h3>2010s fire and restoration</h3><br>
<p>In the early morning of December 23, 2012, the building was damaged by a fire. Damage was contained largely to the foyer and entry doors, and the church facade.</p><br>
<p>Funding from a Department of Environmental Protection Green Infrastructure Grant allowed for 2017 improvements to the front sidewalk area of the church, with installation of a rain garden and permeable pavement project to capture rain runoff. In 2018, the church began work to sell air rights for construction of a nearby residential high rise, with proceeds from the sale paying for facade reconstruction and other repairs and improvements on the aging building in keeping with its Landmark status. Rezoning for this project was approved in 2019.</p><br>
<h2>Church activities</h2><br>
<h3>Free Church status</h3><br>
<p>While the congregation of St. Lukes experienced financial difficulty from its outset from purchasing a building, its debts of over $12,000 were paid off by 1864 and, in 1869, St. Lukes became what was known as a "free church", which is to say that no pews were rented, and anyone could attend for free. St. Lukes was viewed as "a most remarkable example of the success of the free church system".</p><br>
<h3>Creation of additional Brooklyn churches</h3><br>
<p>In 1883, St. Lukes decided to expand its work by setting up a chapel at another location in Brooklyn; in May 1884, this was established as St. Lukes Chapel in a former Congregational Church building on Pacific Street near Bedford Avenue. St. Lukes Church worked to erect a new building in 1886, and it eventually became an independent parish as St. Bartholomew&#39;s Church.</p><br>
<h3>Music</h3><br>
<p>The church established a choir from very early on; in 1865, they were operating under organist and choirmaster H. Hamilton. In November 1865, women of the church organized a fair to raise funds for the organ. By January 1866, a new organ had been installed and a concert was held with the choir of Trinity Church, New York, to dedicate it. This organ, built by R. Widmer of Brooklyn, was at the time one of the largest in the city. It underwent extensive repairs in 1879. The church boasted three choirs—a church choir, chapel choir, and Sunday school choir—by 1885. Charles O. Banks was appointed choirmaster and organist in 1924. While music had been part of parish life before Mr. Banks appointment to this position, he was known for his skill as organist and for the regular series of organ recitals organized by him at St. Luke&#39;s. Banks also oversaw the creation of a Choir Alumni association in 1938.</p><br>
<h3>Merger of St. Lukes Protestant Episcopal Church with St. Matthews Episcopal Church</h3><br>
<p>In 1943, St. Lukes Protestant Episcopal Church was merged by order of the New York Supreme Court with St. Matthews Episcopal Church, originally of Throop Avenue and then, after the merger with the Church of the Epiphany, of Tompkins Ave. at McDonough Street. The merged churches, under the name of the Church of St. Luke and St. Matthew, continued to worship in the building of St. Lukes on Clinton Ave. with Charles Banks as organist. St. Matthews Church brought a stained glass window of the Apostle Matthew from its previous building, which was installed in the chapel of the present building.</p><br>
<p>While this merger is credited to decreased attendance and shifting neighborhood populations, While Rev. Blackshear&#39;s vestry stood by this opinion, he was deeply criticized by both the bishop of the Diocese as well as by William Pickens and James Weldon Johnson of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.</p><br>
<h3>Occupy Sandy</h3><br>
<p>The Church of St. Luke and St. Matthew building served as Brooklyn headquarters for Occupy Sandy relief efforts, with volunteers using the space to collect and sort material to aid Hurricane Sandy victims.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, the congregation of the nearby Church of the Redeemer merged with the Church of St. Luke and St. Matthew after the sale of its building.</p><br>
<h2>Clergy</h2><br>
<p>Rev. Dr. D.V.M. Johnson: 1835–1836</p><br>
<p>Dr. Colt</p><br>
<p>Dr. Shimeall</p><br>
<p>Rev. Dr. J.W. Diller: 1842–1879</p><br>
<p>Rev. George R. Van DeWater: 1880–1887</p><br>
<p>Rev. Dr. Edward A. Bradley: 1887–1892</p><br>
<p>Rev. Dr. Henry C. Swentzel: 1892–1926</p><br>
<p>Rev. Rush R. Sloan: 1926 –</p><br>
<p>Rev. John S. Putnam: 1943– ?</p><br>
<p>Rev. Harold Courtney: ? –1966</p><br>
<p>Rev. William Smith</p><br>
<p>Rev. Richard F. Brewer: 1986–2010</p><br>
<p>Rev. Michael Sniffen: 2010–2015</p><br>
<p>Rev. Christopher Ballard: 2012–2015</p><br>
<p>Rev. Julie Hoplamazian: 2017–2018</p><br>
<p>Rev. Canon Andrew Durbidge, Priest in Charge: 2019–present</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>General Gilbert Reid Jr., Brigadier General of the 44th Brigade, was interred in the family vault of the previous church building on June 18, 1845. In 1853, a proposal was made and adopted to immediately cease interment of remains in the church vaults, for public health reasons.</p><br>
<p>The St. Lukes Protestant Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopal church located in Seaford, Sussex County, Delaware. It was built in 1843, and reconstructed in 1904. It is a two-story, brick Gothic Revival style building. It has a one-story chancel and crenellated three-story tower. It features stained glass lancet windows. Concrete buttresses were installed in 1943. St. Lukes was organized by the Rev. Corry Chambers in 1835, from the remnants of the former St. Marys congregation. St. Marys was founded in 1704, but disestablished after the American Revolution. Delaware Governor William H. H. Ross  is buried in the churchyard.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>The Arlington Plantation House near Washington, Louisiana is an antebellum plantation house with an unusual design that was built in 1829. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>It is a two-story brick and frame house, with common bond brick walls on the sides and on the first story of the front. Its unusual feature is the one-bay three-story front porch on the front five-bay facade. The porch is made of brick columns supporting a massive pedimented dormer. A rear porch is conventional, with wooden Doric pillars above brick columns.</p><br>
<p>The Kelsey–Davey Farm is a farm on Old Seneca Turnpike in the town of Skaneateles, New York. The farm dates from 1810. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The house is located at 1861 Old Seneca Turnpike, which is just west of the village of Marcellus.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, it is still owned by members of the Davey family and has been completely restored. The house is quite close to the road and fully visible. The barns are no longer standing, however the ruins of the big horse barn are due west of the house. The first floor of the barn was stone and is still standing. It is visible from the road, although it is built into a hillside and the side facing the road is mostly underground. The original three-seater outhouse is the only outbuilding still standing, it is directly behind the main structure.</p><br>
<p>West Village Historic District is a national historic district located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York. The district is a 19th-century residential neighborhood within walking distance of the central business district and Lake Erie. It is one of Buffalos oldest and most intact residential areas, having been developed on the site of the estate of the citys first mayor Ebenezer Johnson and South Village of Black Rock. It contains 102 structures built between 1854 and 1914, most of which are detached single-family dwellings, with about a dozen apartment buildings. The district reflects architectural styles of the late 19th century including the Second Empire, Gothic Revival, and Italianate style. Included in the district is Johnson Park, redesigned by Frederick Law Olmsted about 1876, and Hutchinson Central Technical High School.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The West Village Historic District is also a Certified Local Historic District, with slightly different boundaries than the National Register listed district. The local district was designated in 1979 and then was certified by the National Park Service in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Milpitas Grammar School, now part of the Milpitas Library, is an educational building in Milpitas, California. The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 22, 1993.</p><br>
<p>The Greek Revival building (listed on the NRHP as Classical Revival) was designed by Frank Delos Wolfe to replace an earlier two story Victorian-style wooden schoolhouse that burned down in 1912. The structure was built by the architect&#39;s brother, Theodore Linfield Wolfe, in 1916 for $13,212, and had offices, at least four classrooms, and an auditorium.</p><br>
<p>During the three years of construction, school was held in a building on a nearby ranch. The building was used as a school until 1956, a few years after the city was incorporated in 1954. The current Milpitas High School traces its roots to the school. Afterward the building served various roles including as Milpitas City Hall, Police Department, library and the Milpitas Senior Center. The city conducted a restoration in 1990.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, the structure was integrated into a much larger public library that opened on January 10, 2009. The 60,000 ft&sup2, two-level library is the largest in the Santa Clara County Library system, and places the Milpitas Grammar School building in the center and bookends it with wings to the north and south. The school&#39;s original open courtyard was covered with a tensile fabric roof to filter the sunlight.</p><br>
<p>The Historic Adobe Building, also known as the Mountain View Adobe, is a multi-purpose structure in Mountain View, California. The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 28, 2002.</p><br>
<p>The land under the structure was purchased by Mountain View in 1929 for $10 from Wallace and Alice Angelo; it was used for a pump station and reservoir and served as the towns primary water source. Several years later, the city wanted to create a meeting place between downtown Mountain View and the Navys Moffett Field; the land&#39;s location at the corner of Moffett Boulevard and Central Expressway proved ideal.</p><br>
<p>The structure was built in 1934 as a New Deal, Civil Works Administration project during the Great Depression, and was constructed by local laborers using adobe bricks. The project also involved the time and money of members of the Junior Chamber of Commerce, one of the buildings first tenants. Once World War II broke out, the building was also used as a servicemans club and hospitality house for veterans.</p><br>
<p>After the war, the structure took on many more civilian events, and was renamed the Eagle Shack teen center as it hosted high school dances and numerous weddings in the late 1940s. In 1949, the first National Guard leased it for four years as its armory. It then served city programs, including housing the Mountain View Recreation Division and the preparation of a senior lunch program. Over the years, the building had been altered and worn down to the point that it was commonly referred to as the "Adobe Shack".</p><br>
<p>In 1987, new seismic building regulations forced the city to close it. As the structure sat abandoned over several years, a community-driven, "Save the Adobe" campaign began in 1995. As a result, the building was restored to its 1935 appearance and reopened for public use on September 29, 2001, at a cost of $1.2 million. The building is now rented by the city as an event center, and includes a modern catering kitchen, office and great room with space for 100 in indoor dining.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a California Historical Landmark on August 2, 2002. It was nominated to the NRHP based on its use as a community hall and its method of construction. It was placed on the NRHP primarily in recognition of its historic value as a Works Project Administration project; it was also noted for its aesthetic value in Spanish Revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>Parkside East Historic District is a national historic district located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York. The district is architecturally and historically significant for its association with the 1876 Parks and Parkways Plan for the city of Buffalo developed by Frederick Law Olmsted. It consists of 1,769 contributing structures  developed from 1876 to 1936, as a middle class residential neighborhood. The district largely contains single-family dwellings, built in a variety of popular architectural styles, and located along the irregular and curvilinear street pattern developed by Olmsted. The district is located to the east of Buffalo&#39;s Delaware Park and includes the Walter V. Davidson House and the separately listed Darwin D. Martin House, both designed by Frank Lloyd Wright.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The 1905 Mary W. Adams House, is a Frank Lloyd Wright designed Prairie School home that was constructed in Highland Park, Illinois. The Adams House is a two-story home with three bedrooms and two bathrooms with a light stucco exterior and wooden trim that emphasizes the horizontal.</p><br>
<p>The National Park Service recognized the house with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places on September 29, 1982, as part of the Highland Park Multiple Resource Area. The Highland Park Historic Preservation Commission named it a local landmark in 2011. The current owners received the Highland Park 2012 Historic Preservation Award for Restoration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Widowed Mary W. Adams, who was a teacher in the Christian Science movement, hired architect Frank Lloyd Wright to design her a house in 1905. Adams was 70 years old, making her Wright&#39;s oldest client. Disciples of the Christian Science movement wanted to be seen as innovative, therefore Mrs. Adams chose an innovative architect, 38-year-old Wright.</p><br>
<p>Wright submitted an initial plan which had porches at the extremities, but Adams rejected it as too costly. Adams approved of a second draft, which removed the south porch and made the dining room an open view and the house reflects this design. An interesting feature of the building is its diagonal corner buttresses which are not structural, but serve to dramatically emphasize the extension of the roof. The exterior is stucco with cypress wood trim and the interior wood is southern yellow pine with quarter-sawn white oak floors. The original tan Roman brick fireplace has been restored. Wright designed a small storage building for the house which has also been restored. The house had rooms for a maid and servant. It was designed with a call system so that Adams could request help from anywhere in the house, even the porch. (Storrer, 108) The building sits on a corner lot, four houses from Lake Michigan. It is reminiscent of what would become Wright&#39;s A Fireproof House for $5000 design.</p><br>
<p>Adams lived in the house for only three years before her death and is buried with her husband in Lowell, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed as a short sale in the 2000s and its fate was uncertain. It needed extensive restoration work. New owners purchased the home in December 2010 and embarked upon an 18-month restoration using the original plans of Frank Lloyd Wright.</p><br>
<p>The George Madison Millard House, is a Frank Lloyd Wright designed Prairie School home that was constructed in Highland Park, Illinois, United States in 1906. It was the first of two houses that Wright would design for the Millards.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>George Madison Millard was the manager of the rare book department of A. C. McClurg in Chicago, Illinois. Millard met his wife Alice (née Parsons) at the bookstore; they married at St Bride&#39;s Church in London in 1901. The Millards were acquainted with Frank Lloyd Wright and had him design this house in Highland Park in 1906 after the couple moved from the South Side of Chicago.</p><br>
<p>The house is a typical example of Wright&#39;s Prairie School houses. The floor plan is cruciform in design. The exterior walls are brown-stained board and batten siding laid horizontally. The roof is hipped with 3.5 ft overhangs. Wright later included drawings of the Millard house in his Wasmuth Portfolio.</p><br>
<p>The Millards moved to Pasadena, California in 1913 after George retired from McClurg. Following the death of her husband, Alice carried on her husband&#39;s profession and also sold antique furniture. She had Wright design the Millard House in Pasadena in 1923. The Highland Park house was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places on September 29, 1982. It was listed as part of the Highland Park Multiple Resource Area. The house in Pasadena is also listed in the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The Mosher House is Prairie-style house constructed by John A. Mosher in Wellington, Ohio, in 1902. The two-story house has an asymmetrical cruciform plan with an open porch at the west side facing the street. The exterior has horizontal board and batten siding with stucco above the second floor window sill height. The hip roofs have broad overhangs on all sides.</p><br>
<p>The Mosher House is an anonymous design attributed by some to Frank Lloyd Wright. The attribution to Wright is not recognized by the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation or most Wright scholars. William Allin Storrer, who had previously rejected the attribution, ultimately included it in the updated third edition of his catalog, The Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright, The attribution to Wright is based mainly on superficial resemblance to an unbuilt Wright design for the same client, although there is no evidence connecting Wright to the design of the house that was eventually built.</p><br>
<p>The 1979 nomination to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) cites Wright as the architect but provides no evidence linking Wright to the design. Even so, the nomination notes that "It is doubtful that Wright supervised the work or even saw the house." In contrast, the 1979 NRHP nomination for the Wellington-Huntington Road Multiple Resource Area describes the Mosher House simply as "an interesting turn of the century house that shows the influence of the prairie style in its horizontal siding and broad overhanging</p><br>
<p>eaves."</p><br>
<p>Westhope, also known as the Richard Lloyd Jones House, is a Frank Lloyd Wright designed Textile Block home that was constructed in Tulsa, Oklahoma in 1929. This was Wrights only Textile Block house outside of California. The client, Richard Lloyd Jones, was Wrights cousin and the publisher of the Tulsa Tribune.</p><br>
<p>This building is located at 3704 South Birmingham Avenue. The home has five bedrooms and five baths. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places listings in Tulsa County, Oklahoma on April 10, 1975 under National Register Criteria C, g, with an NRIS number of 75001575.</p><br>
<p>Westhope is the location of a frequently-quoted anecdote about Wright: Richard Lloyd Jones called Wright in the middle of a storm to complain that the roof was leaking on his desk, and Wright replied, "Richard, why don&#39;t you move your desk?" But Jones’ wife Georgia had an equally memorable perspective regarding the leaking structure: she said, “This is what we get for leaving a work of art out in the rain.”</p><br>
<p>Jones paid over $100,000 for construction, even though the original budget was $30,000. After Jones&#39; death in 1963, his widow traded houses with M. Murray McCune, a Tulsa architect who updated Westhope in 1965. By mid-2017, the owner of the house was Barbara Tyson, a member of the family that founded Tyson Foods Inc. The structure was purchased by Stuart Price in October 2021, who made extensive renovations including re-waterproofing and tuckpointing cracked blocks.</p><br>
<p>The house is one of only three Wright structures in Oklahoma, the others being in Bartlesville: the Harold Price Jr. House and the 19-story Price Tower.</p><br>
<p>Fabyan Villa was the home of George and Nelle Fabyan from c. 1908 to 1939. The house is notable because of its remodelling in 1907 by Frank Lloyd Wright. It was the centerpiece of the Fabyans country estate, which they named Riverbank. The Kane County Forest Preserve District of Illinois purchased the majority of the Fabyan estate in 1939, and operated the Fabyans home as a museum off and on beginning in 1940. In 1995 was enlisted to operate the site and developed the Fabyan Villa Museum into a Fabyan historic home museum, where photographs, the Fabyans personal artifact collections, and a limited number of original furnishings, as well as the Riverbank story are shared with the public.</p><br>
<h2>Fabyan country estate, Riverbank</h2><br>
<p>George Fabyan was a millionaire businessman who had a thirst for knowledge. Inheritance from his tycoon-father&#39;s textile business, Bliss, Fabyan & Co., provided the financial foundation from which the Colonel and his wife, Nelle, established their legacy. Riverbank, their estate on the Fox River in Geneva, Illinois spanned approximately 300 acre and featured, among other things, a Japanese Garden, private zoo, Roman-style swimming pool, greenhouses, gardens, grottoes, a lighthouse, a Dutch-style windmill, a country club, a small farm and a scientific laboratory complex.</p><br>
<p>The mid-1800s farmhouse that the Fabyans acquired in 1905 was dubbed by them, The Villa. In 1907, the farmhouse was extensively redesigned by Frank Lloyd Wright, who added a south wing, three verandas and large eaves to achieve a cruciform modestly Prairie-style country house. Other hallmarks of Wrights organic architecture found in the Fabyan Villa are geometric window motifs, light screens&#39; (bands of windows), string-coursing, open floor plan and wood-spindle screening.</p><br>
<p>In 1910, the Fabyans hired Taro Otsuka to design a Japanese-style garden below the villa. The one-acre garden was developed over the next several years, and from 1918 on, maintained by, a Japanese immigrant gardener. Japanese gardens were popular amongst the upper class, and it was a well-known attraction throughout the 1920s and 1930s. Although neglected for decades after the Fabyans, the Fabyan Japanese Garden was renovated beginning in 1974, and today contains restored and replicated original elements including a pond, waterfall, moon bridge, oversized lantern, and teahouse.</p><br>
<p>In 1914, the Fabyans purchased a windmill located on a farm near what is now Elmhurst, Illinois and had it relocated to the east bank of the Fox River across from the Villa on acreage acquired that same year. The Fabyan Windmill is unique due to the bakery it houses that, according to legend, was used to bake bread for the Fabyans&#39; pet bears. During wartime rationing, the Windmill was used to grind grain for the surrounding community: a deed that was later honored by means of a USA postal stamp.</p><br>
<h2>Riverbank Laboratories</h2><br>
<p>Between 1912 and 1922, Fabyan created Riverbank Laboratories, the first privately owned research facility in the United States. In fact, the National Security Agency has recognized Riverbank Laboratories as the birthplace of cryptology and has honored Fabyan for his associated services to the United States government. Nearly all American military World War I cryptography was done at Fabyans laboratories, where Elizabeth Wells Gallup and her staff of assistants, including Elizebeth Friedman and William F. Friedman, had spent several years honing cryptology skills and methodology searching for proof of Sir Francis Bacons authorship of Shakespeares plays using Bacon&#39;s own ciphers.</p><br>
<p>This site also contained Georges and Nelles private library and museum. In 1918, Fabyan built the first reverberation chamber in the US for Harvard physicist Wallace Clement Sabine, the pioneer researcher in architectural acoustics. The acoustic laboratory is still in use today as a testing facility.</p><br>
<p>The Belmont County Victorian Mansion Museum is located at 532 North Chestnut Street in Barnesville, Ohio. The mansions construction began in 1888 and was completed in 1893. A gazebo was added to the property in the 90s and is a popular place for many weddings.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Mansion Museum was built in 1888 to 1893 and was designed in the Romanesque style. The house stayed in the possession of the Bradfield family, who built it, until the 1960s. The house had sat vacant for several years and plans were made to raze the structure to make way for a gas station. The house was purchased by John Bradfield and Everett Hanlon for $10,000 and was turned over to the Belmont County Historical Society. John Bradfield was the nephew of John William and lived next door at the time of Pearl Bradfield Watts death.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<p>The large mansion is constructed of red brick and sandstone with white trim. Large rectangular windows light the house. The house rises two floors with a mansard roof containing the attic/third floor. Dormers protrude from the roof and a large pediment is located on the front facade. A large turret is located on the northern facade and contains a balcony with wrought iron fencing.</p><br>
<p>At one point an elegant porch wrapped around the entire length of the mansion, but this was removed for safety reasons. The porch contains a wooden plank floor with sandstone pillars. Today the only part still standing is the porch covering the carriage entrance. The porch is supported by four Ionic columns with an entablature and dentil molding. Flashing can still be seen running along the walls where the porch was once attached. The entrance is framed by a fan light and side lights with a large white solid wood door.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The house contains 26 rooms decorated in the Victorian era designs. Beautiful oak fretwork welcomes visitors to the entrance parlor. The eye is instantly drawn to the handcarved griffin found in the woodworking to the bottom right. The dining room is located to the right of the entrance with two parlors to the left. The great hall runs past the fretwork and contains an inglenook known as a "Courting Fireplace" with cast-iron firebox. A large oak stairway leads to the upper floors. Off the landing is the growlery, where the men would go after dinner to discuss the issues of the day.</p><br>
<p>The second floor contains 5 bedrooms, two dressing rooms and two bathrooms. The bathrooms are decorated in 22K gold trim, mirroring the bathroom below, which is decorated with 22K gold and ruby marble. The bathrooms are fed water from a 540 USgal tank on the third floor, used as for storage or other amenities.</p><br>
<p>The backstairs lead down to the first floor. The kitchen with its original soapstone sink and coal stove is located to your left, with the butlers pantry just beyond containing the original copper sink and the household china. The cabinetwork in these rooms are all northern pine, a tree now extinct.</p><br>
<p>The basement can be reached by another flight of stairs and contains tools and utensils throughout the history of house, many of which were used in the building of the mansion. One of the oddities is a child-sized coffin set as a reminder of the high mortality rate during child-birthing in the 1800s.</p><br>
<p>Parkside West Historic District is a national historic district located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York. The district is architecturally and historically significant for its association with the 1876 Parks and Parkways Plan for the city of Buffalo developed by Frederick Law Olmsted in 1876. It consists of 137 contributing structures  developed primarily from 1923 to 1940, as a middle class residential neighborhood. The district largely contains single-family dwellings, built in a variety of popular architectural styles, and located along the irregular and curvilinear street pattern developed by Olmsted. They include homes along Nottingham Terrace and Middlesex Road, and segments of Meadow Road, Lincoln Parkway, Delaware Avenue, and Amherst Street. The district is located to the north of Buffalo&#39;s Delaware Park.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The New Redmond Hotel is a historic commercial hotel in Redmond, Oregon, United States. The hotel was built in 1928 after the original Redmond Hotel, (sometimes referred to as "Hotel Redmond"</p><br>
<p>) was destroyed in a fire. It is a three-story Georgian-style brick masonry building located on 6th Street in downtown Redmond. It has been in continuous use as a commercial hotel since it first opened. Today, the New Redmond Hotel is a major landmark in downtown Redmond. Because of its importance to the history of Redmond, the New Redmond Hotel is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. On August 1, 2019, announced that after a two-year, $7 million renovation, The New Hotel Redmond by SCP (or ) opened in the Fall of 2019. The 41,000 square-foot, 49-room hotel, was redeveloped in partnership with the city of Redmond. The Rooftop, a 1,500 square-foot rooftop social garden (restaurant / bar), was added, opened in August. The redevelopment was made possible through a public-private partnership between the city of Redmond and the developer – a partnership managed by Alpha Wave Investors and RevOZ Capital. The city of Redmond, through its Redmond Urban Renewal Agency, provided a $3.53 million investment in the project.</p><br>
<p>In 2020, The New Redmond Hotel by SCP (or SCP Redmond) was awarded the through Restore Oregon along with ten other historic projects from across Oregon.</p><br>
<h2>Old hotel</h2><br>
<p>The original two-story Redmond Hotel was built in 1906 by William and Fanny Wilson. The Wilsons arrived in Redmond in 1905 after making a modest fortune in Alaska selling supplies to miners during the Klondike gold rush. Once in Redmond, they became active community boosters, organizing a businessmens group that meet weekly to discuss civic affairs. In 1911 the hotel made the papers, and again in 1914, when the Jones Land Company was excavating for a septic tank in the rear of the hotel. The workmen had dug 19 feet through solid rock and drilled an additional 10 more feet before setting dynamite. The explosion of the dynamite was anticlimactic after a dull sound followed and cold, heavy-pressured air issued out. It was assumed a cavern was punctured and that it would make for a suitable septic tank. The discovery made the local papers and Hotel Oregon across the street wanted to locate their own cavern and eventually did. By 1914, the piping in the Redmond Hotel became clogged after use of the outlet increased. Another hole was drilled in the hotel and larger piping installed. The new setup was found to be adequate for disposal.</p><br>
<h2>New hotel</h2><br>
<p>In June 1927, the original wood-frame hotel burned to the ground. However, the Wilson&#39;s quickly replaced the original hotel with a new one.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the New Redmond Hotel began on 17 June 1927. In the buildings cornerstone community leaders place a time capsule containing coins, photographs, newspapers with reports of the recent hotel fire, and other community related documents. The new hotel cost approximately $150,000 to build. When it was completed, the hotel had 43,000 ft&sup2; of interior space. The hotels grand opening was held on 27 July 1928. The event included tours of the new hotel, a banquet with 350 guests, and a community dance. A meeting of the Central Oregon Jersey Breeders was held in conjunction with the grand opening. The hotel&#39;s early advertisements boosted that the New Redmond Hotel provided the best lodging and service east of the Cascade Mountains at the lowest possible prices, only $1 to $2.50 per day.</p><br>
<p>The New Redmond Hotel quickly became a popular social center for the growing Redmond community as well as a well known lodging stop for travelers passing through Central Oregon. The primary function of the building has always been a hotel. However, the hotel lobby served as the home for the local Chamber of Commerce for a time, and as the Redmond bus station since it was conveniently located on Highway 97 which followed 6th Street though town. Today, the hotel remains one of the largest and best known buildings in the city of Redmond. It is also one of the few surviving examples of early 20th century Georgian architecture in Central Oregon. In 1993, the hotel was extensively remodeled, modernizing the structure while maintaining the building&#39;s historic character. The hotel underwent an extensive, two-year $7 million renovation, which was completed in 2019.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>On the first floor, there are six commercial store fronts with large display windows, three facing 6th Street and three facing West Evergreen Avenue. The display windows are separated by wide brick pillars. Above the display windows are glass transom windows. The hotel entrance faces 6th Street. The entrance is marked by a large round archway with flanking bay windows. The upper stories of the building are faced with brick. The second and third floors both have fifteen casement windows facing 6th Street and eight facing Evergreen Avenue. On the third floor, window size alternates between large and small size across the facade. There is a ninth window bay on the Evergreen Avenue side of the building that does not have a window on either upper floor. The hotel&#39;s interior fire escape stairwell is behind that bay. Above the entrance extending out toward the street is a vertical marquee announcing the name of the hotel. The sign rises above the rounded cornice that tops the third floor above the hotel entrance. It is 45 ft from the sidewalk in front of the entrance to the top of the cornice, making the hotel the tallest building in Redmond.</p><br>
<p>In 2019, The Rooftop (bar/restaurant) was added. The intimate 1,500-square-foot indoor / outdoor garden setting provides panoramic views of the Cascade Range, including Three Sisters volcanic peaks (known as Faith, Hope and Charity), Mount Bachelor, Black Butte, and Smith Rock State Park. The Rooftop offers locally inspired small plate menu, along with handcrafted cocktails featuring herbs, fruit and spices – some of which will be grown organically in The Rooftop’s own gardens.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>Originally, the main public spaces inside the hotel were the main lobby and dining/banquet room both with high ceilings and square side-columns crowned by Corinthian capitals. The focal point of the hotel lobby was a large stone-faced fireplace, which still remains. The lobby was furnished with a mixture of antiques and modern furniture pieces. The original floor in the lobby was fir and later covered with black and white linoleum squares, laid out in a checkerboard pattern. The lobby carpet was patterned after an oriental rug. The banquet room had hardwood floors.</p><br>
<p>An elevator, installed in the 1940s, takes guests to the upper floors. The number of hotel rooms has varied over the years. In 1980, when this building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, there were 29 overnight rooms and 28 longer-term apartment rooms plus two executive suites, one known as the Governor’s Suite. The rooms have high ceilings and tall windows with the hotel&#39;s original woodwork still in place. The hotels heating and cooling plants were located in the basement.</p><br>
<p>The redevelopment of the hotel, SCP Redmond Hotel, opened with 49 guest rooms and suites in 2019 after a two-year renovation. The renovation took much of the vintage structure down to its historic bones, replacing outdated infrastructure with modern and efficient plumbing, electrical, and HVAC systems. This included use of green materials and eco-friendly products and added features such as living green walls on the rooftop and in the Commons studio. The hotel&#39;s historic grand staircase, high ceilings, and the original 1928 fireplace constructed out of locally sourced lava rock all remain and welcome guests arriving in the lobby. The first floor also includes Provisions Market, offering healthy food options in a café setting, Wayfarer Club, serving craft cocktails and thoughtfully created fresh tasty food options, SCP Commons providing 1,500 of creative co-working and event space with conference rooms, a business center, meditation room, and an SCP Fit space for individual health and wellness as well as group classes.</p><br>
<p>Ashland Plantation, also known as the Belle Helene or Ashland-Belle Helene Plantation, is a historic building, built in 1841, that was a plantation estate and home of Duncan Farrar Kenner. Located in Darrow, Louisiana, in Ascension Parish. The manor house is an example of antebellum Greek Revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>The plantation was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Ashland estate is located south of Geismar, Louisiana on Highway 3251 (Ashland Road), shortly northeast of its intersection with Louisiana Highway 75. The entire property of the estate belongs to and is surrounded by the Shell Chemical, LP, Geismar plant.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>By 1830, William Kenner and his brother-in-law Philip Minor consolidated 1,800 acres of land to form a sugar plantation. After William died, his two sons Duncan Kenner and George R. Kenner inherited the property. In 1840 the Kenner brothers acquired the Oakland, Belle Grove, and Pasture Plantations. Kenner was a man of considerable wealth and holdings. He acquired land and property that included not only what was to be named the Ashland Plantation and mansion that he built for his wife, Anne Guillemine Nanine Bringier, but also interests in the Bowden (1858), The Houmas, the 1400-acre Hollywood, the Hermitage (his wife was the granddaughter of Emmanuel Marius Pons Bringier), the Fashion (home of his brother-in-law and partner General Richard Taylor), and Roseland plantations. Supported by the forced labor of enslaved people, Kenner was a horseman (with a race track built at Ashland), a lawyer, a gambler, an inventor, and a politician. Property also included leases in the New Basin Canal in New Orleans with Taylor. Kenner helped organize the New Orleans Jockey Club and the New Louisiana Jockey Club.</p><br>
<p>Construction on the mansion began in 1839, was completed in 1841, and presented to Kenner&#39;s wife. Built in the traditional antebellum Greek Revival style, the sixty-foot square, two-story home has 28 columns, each three feet square and thirty-five feet high. It has been called the "grandest and largest plantation house ever built in the state." Twelve-foot wide galleries wrap around the building on both floors. The building had eight Italian-marble fireplaces which were destroyed by vandals in 1959.</p><br>
<p>In 1844, Duncan Kenner bought out his brothers share in the plantation and named it Ashland Plantation after Henry Clays estate.</p><br>
<p>Ashland Plantation was confiscated by the Freedmen&#39;s Bureau in 1865 but returned to Kenner in 1866 after Kenner swore an oath of allegiance to the Union.</p><br>
<p>On March 2, 1889, the Ashland-Bowden Plantation property was auctioned, being adjudicated to Hypolite P. Ousset for $85,100.00 (COB 34, Folio 425, Ascension Parish). The purchase price excluded the furniture and contents of the great house, the store, and the sugar, molasses, and rice crops of 1888. (COB 34, 425, Ascension Parish). Ousset sold the property to George Balthazar Reuss a few days later for $75,000.00. George renamed the plantation Belle Helene in honor of his infant daughter, Helene Eleanor Reuss.</p><br>
<p>In the 1897-98 planting year Belle Helene was the second-best sugar-producing farm in the area.</p><br>
<p>Helene Reuss became Mrs. W.C. Hayward, Sr. (She was named after her great-aunt, Helena Lotz.) From 1939 to 1946 the mansion was unoccupied and unattended, but in 1946 the Hayward family began a major restoration. By 1959 the grounds were empty again and subject to vandalism.</p><br>
<p>Records indicate the invention of a decortication machine by Duncan Kenner and Leonard Sewell (1880s).</p><br>
<p>Excavations were done in 1989, and again in 1992, this time by Earth Search, Inc., for Shell after acquisition. Evidence of the sugar house, 18 slave cabins, an overseer&#39;s house, a blacksmith shop, and other buildings were examined.</p><br>
<h2>Abe Hawkins</h2><br>
<p>Duncan Kenner had a race track, raced horses, and in 1854 a slave named Abe Hawkins, riding Lecomte, won over a horse named Lexington in New Orleans. Abe was inducted into the Louisiana Racing Museum Hall of Fame in 1997. While Kenner was absent from Louisiana the Civil War ended. Abe left the plantation and in 1866 won the third running of the Travers Stakes, riding Merrill for Robert A. Alexander. The trainer was another former slave named Ansel Williamson. In attendance that day were Ulysses S. Grant, William Astor, Alexander Stewart, and Commodore Vanderbilt. Abe beat top Caucasian jockey Gilbert Patrick Watson in a match race before 25,000 fans in New York City.</p><br>
<p>Abe Hawkins was known as "Uncle Able Hawkins: The Black Prince”, “The Dark Sage of Louisiana”, “The Slayer of Lexington” and got his start at Ashland as a slave. Abe won at Saratoga in 1866, and the very next year returned to Ashland where he died of tuberculosis. He earned respect and was a renowned jockey; but he never made it into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame, nor the American Racing Hall of Fame.</p><br>
<h2>Shell ownership</h2><br>
<p>Shell Oil Company purchased the estate, including 102 acres, from the Hayward family in 1992, remodeled the exterior to the original colors, and replaced the roof for preservation in 1997. Complete and total restoration was completed in 2015 by Shell Chemicals LP., Geismar and is currently used for private corporate and employee functions.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The mansion was shown in several movies, including Band of Angels (1957) where it also appeared on the movie poster; The Beguiled (1971), The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman (1971), Mandingo (1975), The Long, Hot Summer (1985) and Fletch Lives (1989).</p><br>
<p>Old St. Raymond Church is a historic church in Dublin, California. The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 12, 2006.</p><br>
<p>The oldest extant Catholic church in Alameda and Contra Costa counties, it was built in 1859 and dedicated in 1860. The structure was erected on the northeast corner of 4 acre of land donated by Michael Murray and Jeremiah Fallon that also served as the site of the historic Old Murray Schoolhouse and Dublin Pioneer Cemetery. Jeremiah donated $30 in cash toward the church&#39;s construction costs.</p><br>
<p>The church features simple Gothic Revival design and a New England–style white clapboard exterior along with nicked wooden benches and wide-plank redwood floors. It was constructed by the Murray and Fallon families, Irish immigrants from Elphin, County Roscommon. The families left Ireland before the Great Famine and lived in New York City before joining early wagon trains to the west—including the Donner Party. But both families parted from the Donner Party at Fort Bridger, Wyoming. Wood for the chapel came from the nearby Oakland hills; the logs were hauled by oxen and milled in Dublin. During construction of the church, pioneer Tom Donlon fell to his death on September 6, 1859. He was the first to be formally buried in the Dublin Pioneer Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Originally a mission church, the local residents were unable to afford a full-time priest so a member of the Oakland clergy would ride to St. Raymonds once a month by mule to offer Mass. Later the church came under St. Leanders Church in San Leandro, then St. Michaels in Livermore and finally, in 1961 it came within the jurisdiction of St. Augustines in Pleasanton. It held its first wedding in 1865 between Ellen Fallon (daughter of Jeremiah) and William Tehan. The belfry was first added in 1880. In 1966, the church moved to a new, much larger location (also named St. Raymond&#39;s Church) and the Oakland Diocese gave the old church to Amador-Livermore Valley Historical Society (ALVHS) to be preserved and restored. ALVHS put the building to many uses, then sold the church to the City of Dublin in 1993. The city was also able to acquire the adjacent Old Murray Schoolhouse and the Dublin Pioneer Cemetery to set up an area deemed the Dublin Heritage Center. The City of Dublin rents the building out for community and private use.</p><br>
<p>The first recorded renovation of Old St. Raymonds Church was 1922, and the most recent soon after the city took possession of the structure. The churchs general appearance has remained unchanged since its construction in 1859. Through private donations, a new bell tower was constructed; in 1967 the church&#39;s restoration was complete.</p><br>
<p>The Jacobus Vanderveer House, also known as Knox House, is a USA Federal style house located just north of the community of Pluckemin in Bedminster Township, Somerset County, New Jersey at the junction of US 202 and 206 north of River Road. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 29, 1995, and noted as an "excellent example of a Dutch–American house".</p><br>
<p>The Vanderveer /Knox House & Museum while owned by Bedminster Township, is operated under the direction of the Friends of the Jacobus Vanderveer House, a 501-C3 non-profit organization. The Jacobus Vanderveer House is situated on part of the 218 acre that make up River Road Park. The house was thought to be built somewhere in the mid-1770s by James (Jacobus) Vanderveer, son to Jacobus Vanderveer after the property was willed to him by his father.</p><br>
<p>The house is notable as being the headquarters for General Henry Knox during the second Middlebrook encampment during the Revolutionary War (1778–79). Knox was in command of the Continental Army Artillery Cantonment, what is now known as America&#39;s first military training academy, the forerunner to the United States Military Academy at West Point. What was then known as the Pluckemin Continental Artillery Cantonment Site is near the Vanderveer/Knox house, which happens to be the only remaining original structure on the fringe of the cantonment.</p><br>
<p>Each year, the Jacobus Vanderveer House hosts a "colonial christmas" event to raise funds for the ongoing maintenance and preservation of the historic site. The event includes tree-lighting ceremony, traditional christmas decorations and other festivities.</p><br>
<p>Martin Luther King Jr. Park, originally The Parade and after 1896, Humboldt Park, is a historic park located in Buffalo in Erie County, New York. The park is located in east Buffalo and bisected by Fillmore Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The park was designed in 1874 by Frederick Law Olmsted and originally connected to Delaware Park via the Humboldt Parkway. That connection was lost in the early 1960s with the construction of the Kensington Expressway. The park originally contained a large wooden refectory, designed by Calvert Vaux; it was destroyed by fire in 1877.</p><br>
<p>In July 2009, a neatly manicured, tree-and flower-filled pedestrian pathway was unveiled by the Buffalo Olmsted Parks Conservancy.</p><br>
<p>Cazenovia Park–South Park System is a historic park system located in the South Buffalo neighborhood at Buffalo in Erie County, New York, United States. The interconnected set of parkways and parks was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted as part of his parks plan for the city of Buffalo, as inspired in large part by the parkland, boulevards, and squares of Paris, France.</p><br>
<h2>Components</h2><br>
<p>The park system was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982,</p><br>
<h3>Heacock Place</h3><br>
<p>A 3 acre park site that forms the beginning of the Cazenovia Park–South Park System.</p><br>
<h3>McKinley Parkway</h3><br>
<p>Connects Heacock Place to South Park. Named for President William McKinley (formerly Southside Pkwy)</p><br>
<h3>McClellan Circle</h3><br>
<p>A 500 ft right-of-way at the juncture of McKinley Parkway, Red Jacket Parkway, Choate Avenue, and Whitfield Avenue. Named for General George B. McClellan (formerly Woodside Circle).</p><br>
<h3>Red Jacket Parkway</h3><br>
<p>Connects McClellan Circle to Cazenovia Park. Named for Seneca orator Red Jacket.</p><br>
<h3>Cazenovia Park</h3><br>
<p>An irregularly shaped rectangular parkland plot bisected by Cazenovia Creek. The park features a branch of the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library, swimming pool, golf course, and baseball fields. Contributing structures are the Cazenovia Park Casino (1912) and Shelter House (1902).</p><br>
<h3>McKinley Circle</h3><br>
<p>Traversed by McKinley Parkway and Dorrance Avenue; connects McKinley Parkway to South Park (formerly South Parkway Circle).</p><br>
<h3>South Park</h3><br>
<p>An irregularly shaped square parkland plot of 155 acre. The main entrance is at the intersection of McKinley Parkway and South Park Avenue. The park is home to the Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens. Recreational development of the park began in 1915 with the golf course. Contributing structures are the South Park Botanical Gardens Conservatory (1889, rebuilt 1930) and Golf Shelter (ca. 1927).</p><br>
<p>Concrete-Central Elevator is a historic grain elevator located on the Buffalo River at 175 Buffalo River  Buffalo in Erie County, New York.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Concrete Central was built between 1915 and 1917 at the height of World War I. Due to its being the largest grain elevator in the world and concerns about German sabotage, Concrete Central&#39;s method of construction was top secret. The facility was utilized for grain storage until 1966. Concrete Central stretches along the Buffalo River for almost a quarter of a mile and was the largest transfer elevator in the world at the time of its completion in 1917. It is also the largest elevator ever built in the Buffalo area. When in operation, it had the capacity to handle a total of 4.5 e6usbu of grain. The elevator allowed crews to load and unload 20 railroad cars an hour, and three marine legs along the Buffalo River side could load and unload three massive lake freighters at one time.</p><br>
<h2>In the news</h2><br>
<p>In 1976, a young boy was killed in a fall after climbing to the roof of the building. The City of Buffalo removed nearly all stairs from the multiple staircases in the structure to secure the building from a similar tragedy.</p><br>
<p>On May 28, 2013, at roughly 1630 hrs the Buffalo Fire Department received multiple reports of smoke showing from the roof of the Concrete Central main elevator. Due to the location of the grain elevator and no accessible roads to the complex, the Buffalo Fire Department requested Engine 20, the Edward M. Cotter (fireboat) to respond and extinguish the flames only. It took several hours but the fire was contained to small area of the roof and put out. Buffalo Fire Arson Investigators were investigating possible arson at the complex. No damage estimate was listed, and no injuries were reported.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The complex sits on a remote parcel, with the only land access attainable via multiple railroad bridges from the northside of the complex and one railroad service road. The complex is easily viewable from the Red Jacket Park located at the foot of Smith Street or for kayakers in the Buffalo River. This area, riddled with mostly inactive but a few operational elevators, is known as Silo City.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>Following 1966, Concrete Central changed ownership multiple times but sat idle. In 1975 Concrete Central was abandoned as a derelict property. Machinery, furniture and metal as well as other items have been looted from the building leaving it an unsecured empty shell to this day.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Wollenberg Grain and Seed Elevator was a historic grain and seed elevator located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York. It was built in 1912 and remained in service until 1987. It was notable as the sole surviving example of a wooden or so-called "country style" elevator. It was built in the style of the earliest elevators dating to the 1840s and had a capacity of 25,000 bushels.</p><br>
<p>It was destroyed by fire in October 2006.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Williamsville Water Mill Complex is a historic mill located at Williamsville in Erie County, New York. It was built originally as a sawmill in 1801, substantially enlarged in 1827, and operated in that capacity until 1903. Also on the site was the Water-Lime Works and Williamsville Cement Company mills, which were later converted to gristmills. After 1908, the mills were used for apple cider production. The complex is a rare surviving example of a water-powered seat of local industry in Western New York.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, Sweet Jenny&#39;s Ice Cream renovated and moved into the mill, where they continue to draw business from those visiting Glen Park.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Indian School, also known as the Thomas Asylum of Orphan and Destitute Indian Children, is a historic school and national historic district located near Irving at the Cattaraugus Indian Reservation in Erie County, New York. The institution was first established in 1855 by missionaries Asher Wright and his wife Laura Wright to house the orphaned and kidnapped Seneca children of the reservation under the federal policy of forced assimilation. The complex was built in about 1900 by New York State as a self-supporting campus. Designed by the New York City firm Barney and Chapman, the campus contains the red brick Georgian Revival style main buildings and a multitude of farm and vocational buildings.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Numerous works address the stories of former residents of Native American boarding schools in Western New York and Canada, such as Thomas Indian School, Mohawk Institute Residential School (also known as Mohawk Manual Labour School and Mush Hole Indian Residential School) in Brantford, Southern Ontario, Haudenosaunee boarding school, and the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania; the impact of those and similar schools on their communities; and community efforts to overcome those impacts. Examples include: the film Unseen Tears: A Documentary on Boarding School Survivors, Ronald James Douglas graduate thesis titled Documenting ethnic cleansing in North America: Creating Unseen Tears, and the Legacy of Hope Foundations online media collection: "Where are the Children? Healing the Legacy of the Residential Schools".</p><br>
<p>The Fort Laramie Three-Mile Hog Ranch was built to serve as a social center away from the soldiers&#39; post at historic Fort Laramie, a 19th-century military post in eastern Wyoming. It became notorious as a place for gambling and drinking, and for prostitution, with at least ten prostitutes always in residence. The location is notable as an example of one of only a few military bordellos still standing in the United States by 1974, the time of its nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. The Fort Laramie site was one of a number of so-called "hog ranches" that appeared along trails in Wyoming.</p><br>
<p>Located about 3 mi from old Fort Laramie, the ranch was established in 1873 by Jules Ecoffey and Adolph Cuny as a trading post and saloon. The next year prostitution was added as a further attraction. One of the young prostitutes was said to be Martha Jane Cannary, more popularly known in later years as Calamity Jane.</p><br>
<p>Both Ecoffey and Cuny had died by 1877. However, the site remained important as a social, commercial and transportation center, the nearest town of any size being Cheyenne, 85 mi away. The Cheyenne and Black Hills Stagecoach Company operated a hotel for stagecoach passengers, which apparently coexisted with the bordello, both operating until the stage line was abandoned in 1887.</p><br>
<p>The ranch was described by USA Army Lieutenant John Gregory Bourke:</p><br>
<p>... tenanted by as hardened and depraved set of witches as could be found on the face of the globe. It a rum mill of the worst kind half a dozen Cyprians, virgins whose lamps were always burning brightly in expectancy of the coming of the bridegroom, and who lured to destruction the soldiers of the garrison. In all my experience I have never seen a lower, more beastly set of people of both sexes.</p><br>
<p>Two structures remain: a U-shaped lime-grout building that housed the bar and had several rooms and a cellar, and a wooden barn. (Lime-grout was used as an early form of concrete.) Other buildings, now vanished, included a barn with loopholes for defense, eight "cribs" or two-room cabins for prostitutes, shops, and a pool hall.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Laramie Three-Mile Hog Ranch was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Fountain-Tallman Soda Works is a historic building in Placerville, El Dorado County, California. It currently houses the Fountain & Tallman Museum, which is owned and operated by the El Dorado County Historical Society. The rustic vernacular Victorian stone and brick building, of the Gold Country, was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 13, 1984.</p><br>
<p>The two-story masonry structure was built as a soda water factory by John Fountain & Benjamin Tallman in 1852. The stone walls of the building are more than 2 ft thick so ice and soda supplies could be kept cool. These construction materials also have protected it from fires that destroyed surrounding buildings (3 fires occurred in 1856 alone), and as a result it is one of the oldest buildings in Placerville. Water was pulled through a small wood framed hole in the wall from a spring out back in the hillside. An odd-looking contraption (a small pressure vessel) housed inside the building, added carbon dioxide to the water. A replica is currently on display. Bottles were then filled and pressure caps added with wire twists to hold the caps in place.</p><br>
<p>After the close of the soda water factory, the building served many different purposes for many different owners. At one time it was the town jail, the Pacific Gas & Electric Company office (1927-1961), and has had other associated uses and owners. When the building was donated to the El Dorado County Historical Society in 1981 by Fay Ripley Cannon, it became a museum upon the contingency that it be preserved for public benefit as a historical landmark, which was an earlier stipulation originating with the PG&Es sale. When the building was renovated, lifting up the stone floor revealed a bowie knife (handle long since rotted away), flakes of gold, and pieces of broken glass soda bottles with the original building owners mark intact. These items are still on display inside.</p><br>
<p>The building was converted into a museum by the generosity of many donors including using funds from the estate of Placerville native Stella Tracy. Originally called the Placerville Historical Museum, it contains some of Tracy&#39;s turn-of-the-century furniture and photos as well as other exhibits of 19th- and 20th-century memorabilia.</p><br>
<p>Another nearby soda works, the John Pearson Soda Works, is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The John Pearson Soda Works, also referred to as the Placerville Soda Works, is a historic rustic vernacular Victorian brick building in Placerville, El Dorado County, California. The building, in the Gold Country region, was placed on the National Register of Historic Places  on December 12, 1985. The building housed the Cozmic Café coffee shop and venue from 2003 until 2018.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>The John Pearson Soda Works structure was built in several stages: The previous building on the site burned down in a devastating fire that affected most of Placerville in the 1850s. Scottish immigrant John McFarland Pearson built the lower portion of the building in 1859 as a commercial ice house. He chose to build in front of an idle mine shaft so he could use the underground rooms and tunnels to store ice at controlled temperatures. In addition, the walls of this section were made 22 in thick to keep the ice cool in the storefront. Pearson later expanded into soda water; his sons added the brick second story in 1897 to house the bottling operation. They added a water-driven elevator to transport the product from each level. The store also sold other groceries such as eggs and beer.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>The business changed hands several times, though the building remained in the Pearson family for some time. The Pearson sons sold the business in 1904 to the Scherrer Bros., who in turn sold it in 1934 to Robert Hook, who turned it into a Coca-Cola Bottling franchise.</p><br>
<p>The structure held other businesses until the Pearson family sold the building in 1972 to antique collector Roger John Douvres, who restored the structure over a period of four years, using the lower section as an old-fashioned soda fountain and the upper portion as an elegant dining hall decorated in early 20th-century style. Douvres&#39; daughter had the building successfully placed on the National Register of Historic Places. The structure has also housed a theater, antique store, bookstore, music store and the Placerville Coffee House before becoming The Cozmic Café in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Another nearby soda works building, the Fountain-Tallman Soda Works, is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Confidence Hall is a historic Italianate Style, Victorian brick building in Placerville, El Dorado County, California. The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places  on January 4, 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was originally constructed as the Confidence Engine Company No. 1, a volunteer fire brigade. The brigade began as the Mountaineer Engine Company on May 22, 1857, but changed their name in June after they purchased a used fire engine called "Confidence" and found they were unable to remove the engraving. The original engine hall had been damaged by fire in September 1860, and the present building was built in fall of the same year. The building has also served as the police department, jail and a justice court. When the El Dorado County Fair used to rotate the location of the event, Confidence Hall was one of its venues in Placerville.</p><br>
<p>In 1902, the building became Placerville City Hall. The Placerville City Library, the first public library in the county, was established in the upper floor of the building in 1906. The space was shared by the Placerville City Clerk&#39;s Office and separated by a gate which was opened only after the Clerk had finished his work. The library remained there until 1947. It remained Placerville City Hall until 2005.</p><br>
<p>The adjacent structure with a wooden balcony, the Jane Stuart Building, was built in 1861 and is on the inventory of the NRHP listing. Immigrant Jane Stuart funded its construction by driving a herd of horses across the Great Plains and selling them to a local dealer. The two buildings share a common wall and an internal hallway and door and have been used as a single tenant office building. The buildings have an estimated 6,360 ft&sup2, which does not include an unfinished basement and an upstairs loft area.</p><br>
<p>After the Placerville City Government moved to a new city hall in 2005, the buildings, zoned for a broad range of uses, went on the market for over $1 million, but remained unsold and were repriced in June 2009 for $799,000.</p><br>
<p>The South Torrington Union Pacific Depot was built in 1926 just to the south of Torrington, Wyoming. It was designed by Gilbert Stanley Underwood in the Mission Revival and Spanish Colonial Revival as a combined passenger and freight depot.</p><br>
<p>The line was principally intended to serve a sugar refinery in the vicinity. By 1928 it was extended to serve as a cutoff from the Union Pacific branch along the North Platte River to the main transcontinental line and was known as the North Platte Cutoff.</p><br>
<p>The ground level comprises a freight and baggage room, a holdover room and record room, agent&#39;s office, passenger waiting room, toilets and a hallway leading to the upstairs apartment. A basement includes a storage room and a furnace room. The upstairs portion contains living quarters for the station agent, including a living room, two bedrooms, a kitchen and a bathroom.</p><br>
<h2>Homesteaders Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Homesteaders Museum is a museum of county and area railroad history located in the depot and adjacent buildings. The depot features a display of homesteading items and local memorabilia from the first settlement in 1834 up to 1976, when Homesteading ended. Also on display are a Lincoln Land Company house with artifacts from an early ranch family, an original homestead shack, a one-room schoolhouse, a Union Pacific Caboose with railroad items from the Union Pacific Railroad and Burlington Northern Railroad, a transportation building with vehicles, and railroad cars.</p><br>
<p>Brandon Hall is a Greek Revival architecture style house built in 1856 in Washington, Mississippi, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Brandon Hall was formally a large working cotton plantation located on the scenic Natchez Trace. The land on which Brandon Hall now stands first passed into private ownership as a royal grant from the Spanish King Carlos III in 1788. In 1809 the property was sold at public auction to William Lock Chew for the sum of $7,000. Chew constructed the first permanent dwelling consisting of a three-room brick house about twenty by sixty feet, built sometime between 1809 and 1820. This structure still exists as the "basement" of the present house known as Brandon Hall.</p><br>
<p>In 1833 Chew sold the property to Nathaniel Hoggatt, a successful planter whose daughter Charlotte inherited the land after his death. On October 29, 1840, Charlotte Hoggatt married Gerard Brandon III, who was the son of an early Governor of Mississippi and the grandson of a Revolutionary War Hero of the same name. They lived in this original dwelling until 1853, when they began construction of Brandon Hall which was completed in 1856.</p><br>
<p>In January 1914, the plantation, house, and land was sold to George Hightower as a result of a default on a promissory note, thus ending an 81-year chain of ownership by the Brandon and Hoggatt families. These 81 years extended from Mississippis frontier days during the period of grace and plenty before the Civil War, and through the Souths darkest hours after the war.</p><br>
<p>From 1914 until the present, Brandon Hall Plantation has had ten owners. In 1987 the home was completely renovated and restored, perfectly duplicating the original construction.</p><br>
<p>In 2009 the owners of the house, Edward L. and James R. Diefenthal of New Orleans, Louisiana, donated the house to the Historic Natchez Foundation.</p><br>
<p>In December 2009 the home was purchased by Ron and Kathy Garber of Lafayette, Louisiana, who opened it for Bed and Breakfast accommodation.</p><br>
<p>Toomeys Mills in Newcastle, Wyoming, began in 1905 as the Newcastle Milling Company and Electric Light Plant. Later the Newcastle Rolling Mills, Toomeys Mills processed locally produced wheat until 1965. The mill is a prominent local landmark, with "TOOMEY&#39;S MILLS" painted on the side of the elevator. It is today used as a restaurant, an example of adaptive reuse. Much of the original mill machinery has been retained, and the property retains a significant degree of integrity.</p><br>
<p>The original frame portion of the mill was built by George C. Getchell, who was reported to have contracted with Duling and Smith to build a 100-barrel flour mill. A quarry was opened in a canyon north of town to provide stone for the foundation. The mill opened on September 5, 1905, and was granted an electric light franchise by the town the day before. The generating equipment was installed by the Western Electric Company of Omaha, and produced enough surplus power to operate street lights in town.</p><br>
<p>D.J. Toomey of Spearfish, South Dakota, bought the mill in 1919. It was at the time the largest flour mill in Wyoming, producing "White Satin" flour for markets with 200 mi. By 1936, the mill had expanded considerably, with warehouse space and offices. Two silos were constructed of 2x6 lumber laid flat, along with a concrete silo.</p><br>
<p>Toomey&#39;s Mill was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>As of March 2012, Toomey&#39;s Mill was torn down and was replaced by a convenience store. The site was removed from the NRHP in 2013. The bricks were then used to reconstruct the mill at the entrance to Devils Tower.</p><br>
<p>The Jenney Stockade was a stage station on the Cheyenne-Deadwood route near Newcastle, Wyoming. It also served as a headquarters for a military expedition to the Black Hills to survey the area for minerals. The site was first occupied in 1857, when Lieutenant G.K. Warren and geologist Dr. F.V. Hayden set up a small base camp for their expedition. In 1875, the site was reoccupied by a party of 75 miners and geologist, accompanied by 432 soldiers, who built a log fort, named Camp Jenney after the chief geologist, Professor Walter P. Jenney.</p><br>
<p>From June 1877 the site became a stop on the Cheyenne-Deadwood stage line, and was renamed the Jenney Stockade. The stockade served as a base for cavalry escorts of Black Hills gold shipments to the south. In 1878 oil was discovered in the district. From 1877 the stockade and surrounding lands became the property of LAK Cattle Company. The stockade was used for a time by the LAK, but was eventually moved from the site to Newcastle to make way for newer buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Jenney Stockade Site was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. The site is described at a nearby roadside pullout east of Newcastle.</p><br>
<p>The Jenney stockade has been relocated into the town of Newcastle, in a small city park.</p><br>
<p>The Cambria Casino, also known as the Flying V Guest Ranch and the Cambria Casino Park-Memorial, is a resort on the western edge of the Black Hills in Weston County, Wyoming. The resort was named for Cambria, a nearby coal-mining community. The two-story sandstone lodge, designed by New York architect Bruce Rabenold, employs English Tudor and other medieval details to create a Tudor manor-like setting in the Wyoming hills. The lodge fronts on a court, entered through a gatehouse and originally flanked by wings housing guest rooms. The property is significant as an example of a unique eclectically style resort in eastern Wyoming. A portion of the casino was intended to serve as a memorial to Cambria-area miners.</p><br>
<p>The dance hall opened on January 12, 1929. Seventy-five guests could be accommodated in the main building and in six cottages. The cottages have since been removed. The resort featured a freshwater pool fed by Salt Creek and a saltwater pool fed from salt springs about 2 mi away.</p><br>
<p>The interior features a second floor ballroom with a timber-framed roof resembling a medieval hammer-beam truss. The timbers may have come from area mines. Beneath the ballroom were a dining room, auxiliary dining room, kitchen sitting room and six guest rooms.</p><br>
<p>The Cambria Casino was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Combellack–Blair House is a historic house in the Gold Rush town of Placerville, in El Dorado County, California, built in 1895. The landmark house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places  on February 14, 1985.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Combellack–Blair House, designed in the Queen Anne Style of the Late Victorian architecture era, was built by William Hill Combellack in 1895. One of the residences early owners operated Combellacks, a store on Main Street in Placerville. The Arthur Blair family purchased it in 1924. It served as a bed and breakfast for several years, but is now a private residence.</p><br>
<h3>Thomas Kinkade</h3><br>
<p>The home was featured in a Thomas Kinkade painting, Victorian Christmas. Kinkade, who grew up in Placerville, felt the house was the kind that "begged to be painted&quot he placed it in an idealized turn of the 20th century Christmas scene.</p><br>
<p>The Bates Battlefield was the scene of an 1874 action in which an Arapaho encampment was attacked by USA Army forces under Captain Alfred E. Bates. The battlefield is a narrow valley in Hot Springs County, Wyoming, near the junction of the Big Horn Mountains and the Owl Creek Mountains. Variously called the Bates Battle, the Battle of Young&#39;s Point, the Battle of Snake Mountain and the Nowood Battle, the action was part of a campaign by forces under the command of Lieutenant General Philip Sheridan to protect the comparatively sedentary Shoshone under Chief Washakie from raids by their traditional enemies, the Northern Cheyenne, the Sioux and the Northern Arapaho.</p><br>
<p>In June 1874, "Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho warriors decided to attack the Wind River Shoshones. As the invaders crossed the Big Horn Mountains, they had a disagreement about the purpose of their trip. Some claimed it was a raid for murder and the spoils of war; others said it was to steal horses. Because of the disagreement, the Arapahoes refused to participate."</p><br>
<p>Sheridan ordered Bates to raid the Arapaho camp, reported to comprise between 40 and 112 lodges. On July 1, 1874, Bates set forth leading Company B, 2nd Cavalry with 63 cavalrymen, 20 white and Shoshone scouts under Lieutenant R.H. Young, and a party of 167 Shoshone under Washakie.</p><br>
<p>Bates led thirty cavalrymen and twenty Shoshone against the encampment, occupied by Black Coals people, at daybreak on July 4. Lt. Young took his scouts around to the other end of the village. Fighting went well at first for Bates force, but the Arapaho moved to a nearby height and began to fire down onto Bates&#39; raiders. Bates withdrew from the village without recovering his own dead., suffering four killed and five or six wounded, while reporting 25 Arapaho killed and 100 wounded. Other reports indicate the Arapaho suffered as few as ten casualties. Bates captured 350 horses of the 1200 to 1400 head associated with the village. Bates blamed his lack of overall success on the noise made by the Shoshone. Accounts of the battle by different parties reveal wide discrepancies in perceptions of the motivation, progress, and outcome of the fight.</p><br>
<p>The Bates Battlefield was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The CQA Four Mile Bridge spans the Big Horn River in Hot Springs County, Wyoming. The bridge was erected in 1927-28 by the Charles M. Smith Company and spans 175 ft with a total length of 295 ft. The rigid 7-panel Pennsylvania through-truss was nominated for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places as one of forty bridges throughout Wyoming that collectively illustrate steel truss construction, a technique of bridge design that has become obsolete since the mid-twentieth century. The bridge rests on concrete piers and abutments and is approached by two Warren pony trusses.</p><br>
<p>The Four Mile Bridge was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The EFP Bridge spans Owl Creek in Hot Springs County, Wyoming. The bridge was erected in 1919–20 by the Monarch Engineering Company of Denver and spans 124 ft with a total length of 126 ft. The rigid 7-panel Parker  through-truss was nominated for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places as one of forty bridges throughout Wyoming that collectively illustrate steel truss construction, a technique of bridge design that has become obsolete since the mid-twentieth century. The bridge is supported on sandstone abutments and has a timber deck, 15 ft in width.</p><br>
<p>The EFP Bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Dallas Hilton, constructed as the Hilton Hotel and today operating as the Hotel Indigo Dallas Downtown, is a historic hotel opened in 1925, located at the corner of Main Street and S. Harwood Street in downtown Dallas, Texas . The hotel is a contributing property in the Harwood Street Historic District and Main Street District. It is also located across the street from Main Street Garden Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>The Beginning</h3><br>
<p>The Hilton Hotel, built by Conrad Hilton, was his first hotel to bear the "Hilton" name. Conrad Hilton operated one of the two earliest hotel chains in the state, and went on to become a world leading hotel operator, with an international chain of hotels and resorts.</p><br>
<p>Unlike his earlier hotels, which were bought and renovated but not built by Conrad Hilton himself, the new hotel in Dallas was designed by Hilton from the ground up to be a prominent high rise hotel.</p><br>
<p>For the building site Hilton chose the highest point in downtown Dallas. Hilton retained the prominent architectural firm of Lang and Witchell, one of the two most respected firms in Dallas, to design the new hotel. They designed the hotel as a 14-story, reinforced concrete and masonry structure in a simplified Sullivanesque style with symmetrical facades and Beaux Arts detailing. Its horseshoe plan is similar to that of the Magnolia Building and features two massive towers projecting toward Harwood Street which form an open court. The towers were tied together on the main (Harwood) facade with a frontispiece entrance and an elaborate bridge at the tenth level.</p><br>
<p>Ground was broken on July 25, 1924 and the building was completed just over one year later for a total cost of $1.36 million—Hiltons second most costly Texas highrise. The hotel officially opened on Thursday, August 6, 1925. Hilton maximized all available space in the public areas of the hotel for an assortment of vending services. The presence of the druggist, mens shop, barber shop, valet service, beauty shop, coffee shop, tailor, cigar/news stand, telegraph office, dining room and others dovetailed with Hilton&#39;s emphasis on service while the rents those services paid supplemented the finances of the operation. Not wanting to tie up capital in land ownership, Hilton introduced the idea of a 99-year land lease with the Dallas Hilton. The concept was well known in the East in 1925, but it was new to Texas commerce circles.</p><br>
<p>Hilton&#39;s private offices were also located on the mezzanine level as were seven sample rooms with Murphy wall beds. The 325 guest rooms were typically small and were painted in colors of pearl gray and cream. The rooms and corridors were carpeted. Most had full baths, and the rest had half baths. Seventy-five percent of the rooms had south or east exposure for maximum ventilation; no rooms were located on the west.</p><br>
<p>The competition of the luxurious Adolphus and Baker Hotels located just blocks away compelled Hilton to formulate a marketing strategy for attracting a new clientele — "The Average Man" — to whom a moderately priced, modern hotel of handsome design would appeal in a city where there were few alternatives.</p><br>
<h3>Changes</h3><br>
<p>During the Great Depression, Hilton lost four hotels and saved five, one of which was the Dallas Hilton. In 1938, he relinquished the operating lease of the Dallas Hilton after his move to California. George Loudermilk, the owner, contracted with another well known hotel operator in Texas, A. C. "Jack" White, in July 1938 to run the hotel. White changed the name of the hotel to the White Plaza Hotel. He also undertook improvements totaling $150,000, including improvements to the air conditioning system. The 325 rooms were converted to 234, all with private baths. Loudermilk resided at the hotel until his death in 1953.</p><br>
<p>In 1961, the building was sold to Earlee Hotels, but the hotel continued to bear the name White Plaza until 1974. During these years the hotel began to deteriorate and decline in popularity.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>In 1977, Opal Sebastian, real estate investor, purchased the building and changed the name to the Plaza Hotel. All floors above the fourth level had been closed for an unknown period of time, and all rooms were in poor condition. Sebastian reopened the floors one at a time as they were rehabilitated.</p><br>
<p>On February 15, 1985, the hotel was sold again to the Dallas Plaza Partners of California, made up of Hotel Equity Management and Blackmond, Garlock and Flynn real estate merchant banker of San Francisco. The Dallas Plaza Partners contracted with Corgan to restore the hotel and Jerry O&#39;Hara to renovate the interior, which took ten months. In December 1985, The Dallas Plaza Hotel opened its doors. It was later renamed The Aristocrat Hotel of Dallas and managed by Holiday Inn.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places and designated a Dallas Landmark in 1985. It was also designated as a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1988.</p><br>
<h3>2005 Renovation and flag change</h3><br>
<p>In 2005, SMI Hotel Group purchased the hotel. In conjunction InterContinental Hotel Group, the parent company of Holiday Inn, began the conversion to the Hotel Indigo Dallas Downtown. During this renovation property&#39;s interior underwent a $5 million renovation that introduced hardwood floors, spa-like guest bathrooms, a business center and an upgraded fitness area. Today the hotel contains 3,000 ft&sup2; of meeting space and 169 rooms.</p><br>
<p>The Callaghan Apartments, also known as the Plaza Apartments and Hotel and the Plaza Hotel, was erected in 1918 in Hot Springs State Park in Thermopolis, Wyoming. It was at one time one of six hotels catering to tourists using the Big Spring of Thermopolis, a hot spring reputed to possess curative properties. The hotel was erected by bricklayer James Callaghan, who obtained a 98-year lease on the site commencing on January 1, 1918. Callaghan made his own bricks in a kiln he built on the site, completing the Callaghan Apartments in June 1918. He employed several nurses and a masseur for his guests. In 1921 Callaghan sold the property to Dr. P.W. Metz who renamed it The Plaza.</p><br>
<p>The two-story yellow brick building overlooks the Big Horn River and originally had 70 rooms with a common bathroom at the end of each hall. The baths were once provided with mineral water. The building is U-shaped in plan, facing east with a concrete foundation under the central portion and stone foundations under the wings. The exterior walls are capped and accented by red bricks in a soldier course. Two-story window bays are outlined in red brick soldiers, and bays are marked with decorative red brick arches. The building was divided into 14 hallways, each with a bath. A spa area was divided into mens and womens areas with soaking tubs and a steam sauna, using 127-degree water from the Big Spring. The hot water was piped in a loop under the Big Horn River to temper it for bathing.</p><br>
<p>The Plaza was renovated in 1999 and remains a hotel. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The Vore Buffalo Jump is an archeological site in Crook County, Wyoming. A sinkhole formed where gypsum soil was eroded, leaving a steep-sided pit about 40 ft deep and 200 ft in diameter. Native American hunters could stampede bison in the direction of the pit, which was deep enough to kill or disable the animals that were driven into it. The location is one of a number of buffalo jump sites in the north central United States and southern Canada. The Vore site was used as a kill site and butchering site from about 1500 AD to about 1800 AD. Archeological investigations in the 1970s uncovered bones and projectile points to a depth of 15 ft. About ten tons of bones were removed from the site. About five percent of the site has been excavated, and the pit is estimated to contain the remains of 20,000 buffalo.</p><br>
<p>The site was discovered during the construction of Interstate 90 in the early 1970s. The Vore site is located in a narrow strip of land between I-90 and old US 14. The site was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The OHara Student Center, formerly the Concordia Club, is a three-story, 18,000 ft&sup2; building on the campus of the University of Pittsburgh on OHara Street in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is a contributing property to the Schenley Farms National Historic District and has since been renovated to house academic and student activity programs.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On January 21, 1874, a group of prominent German Jews, mostly members of the Rodef Shalom Congregation, met for the purpose of organizing a private club in Pittsburgh, "to promote social and literary entertainment among its members." The small group establishing the Jewish social club voted to host it at a private residence on Pittsburghs North Side and voted Judge Josiah Cohen to be its first president. The popularity of the Club called for a move to larger quarters on Stockton Street on the North Side. It was at this location that a conference of eighteen rabbis met at the Club in November 1885 to sign the defining document of American Reform Judaism termed the Pittsburgh Platform. The creation of this document is commemorated by a historical marker placed by the state of Pennsylvania near the location of the Club at the time. The Clubs growing acceptance encouraged a second move to the present quarters in Oakland, designed by a leading Pittsburgh architect, Charles Bickel. Characterized by the press as "a handsome facility," the new quarters opened formally on December 25, 1913.</p><br>
<p>The membership rolls of the club over the years included Pittsburgh Pirates owner Barney Dreyfuss, industrialist Leon Falk Jr., and department store magnate Edgar J. Kaufmann. Eventually, the club began including eastern European Jews, and in more recent years membership was open without regard to gender, race, ethnicity or religion.</p><br>
<p>When Concordia moved into its building on OHara Street in 1913, it was described as one of citys most opulent with notably elegant china, crystal and linens along with profuse flower arrangements. A 1915 article in the Jewish Criterion commented that the new club was "entirely complete with billiard rooms, banquet hall, rest and lounging parlors, reading quarters and sleeping accommodations." Later the club would add to its interior by installing elaborate dark-stained oak paneling rescued from the lower level and bar of the 1905 constructed Fort Pitt Hotel at 10th Street and Penn Avenue, Downtown when it was demolished in 1967.</p><br>
<p>At its peak the club had nearly 300 members, but in the face of declining membership and a shortage of cash, club members voted July 16, 2009 to approve the sale of their historic building to the University of Pittsburgh who will pay $2.1 million for the structure. The club continued its normal activities until the sale closed on December 14, 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration and use</h2><br>
<p>The University of Pittsburgh undertook $5.8 million in upgrades, preservation, and renovations that were completed in April, 2011 and provided almost 35,000 ft&sup2; of space in order to help alleviate shortages in student group event, meeting, and office space at the William Pitt Union. Upgrades included tearing out walls, updating the heating and cooling systems, replacing the roof, and upgrading the lighting. The first floor contains the oak paneled space for studying or socializing as well as a dining room that can double as a meeting room. A staircase, with original wood railings, leads to a second floor contains a 450-person capacity, sound system-equipped ball room that includes an open balcony, arched windows, and a small stage. From a previous renovation more than 50 years ago, the ballroom contains three chandeliers, one larger than the others, and a number of sconces. Renovations to the ball room included restoring access to the balcony, applying gold leaf trim to the wall panels, and a restoration of the chandeliers, including replacement of the light bulbs with LEDs, by the original lighting fabricator located in Pittsburgh&#39;s Strip District. The basement of the Student Center is used as a storage area for student groups. The facility also houses the Math Assistance Center, the Freshman Studies Program, and the student Writing Center.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The Concordia Club was used for location shoot in the movie Sorority Row (2009).</p><br>
<p>The Scottish Rite Temple, also known as Scottish Rite Cathedral or Santa Fe Lodge of Perfection, in Santa Fe, New Mexico was begun in 1911 and completed in 1912. It was a filming location for the 2016 Tina Fey film Whiskey Tango Foxtrot.</p><br>
<p>In 1909 Santa Fes paper, The Daily New Mexican, announced that local (he lived and had offices in both New Mexico and Colorado) architect Isaac H. Rapp had been awarded the commission to design a new Scottish Rite Cathedral. A few months later, in July of the same year, it printed a perspective by Rapp showing a grand Neo-classical styled design for the Temple. Only a week later the same paper printed that Rapps plans had been considered to be "not satisfactory".</p><br>
<p>Shortly afterwards it was announced that the Los Angeles architectural firm of Hunt and Burns had been employed instead. They produced a Moorish Revival style structure based loosely on one of the gatehouses to the Court of the Lions at the Alhambra in Spain. Sumner P. Hunt and Silas Reese Burns were well known for their designs in the California Spanish Mission Revival architecture style, but decided instead to base their design on a connection between the Spanish building tradition of New Mexico and that of the Moors in southern Spain. There are also obvious similarities with the Southwest Museum, in Los Angeles, which was being designed by Hunt and Burns around the same time, including the tower, without the Islamic entry.</p><br>
<p>Still somewhat shocking today is that the building was, and still is (as of 2014) clad in pink colored stucco.</p><br>
<p>That Isaac Rapp did not get the commission was not a huge loss to him as he was to build his design in 1913 as the Las Animas County Court House, in Trinidad, Colorado. Also, that he did not design the building that was ultimately built was apparently missed by some, as he has been erroneously listed as the architect of the building.</p><br>
<p>It was used historically as a clubhouse. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>St. Mary of the Immaculate Conception Church, also known as St. Mary&#39;s of Morges ) is a Roman Catholic church located in the unincorporated community of Morges in Rose Township, Carroll County, Ohio, United States. A part of the Diocese of Steubenville, it was founded in 1834 and re-established in 1948; its current building was built in 1851 and renovated in 1979. The altar was crafted in Europe and shipped to the parish late in the 19th century. The stained-glass windows were donated by parishioners in the early 1900s. The 1979 restoration involved refinishing the altar, repainting statuary and walls, and installation of new pews.</p><br>
<p>The church is built of brick with a stone foundation. The bricks were manufactured on premises. In 1977, the church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its architectural significance, along with a related house on the same property.</p><br>
<p>Bryn Du Mansion is a historic house in Granville, a village in Licking County, Ohio, United States. The estate is owned by the village and is on the National Register of Historic Places. The mansion consists of 52 rooms and has 12 fireplaces. It occupies a site about one-quarter mile north of Newark-Granville Road, and one mile directly east of the village of Granville.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Local businessman Henry D. Wright originally constructed the mansion on this site as an Italianate Villa type structure in 1865. The outside of the building was made from sandstone quarried from the property. The villa had a central three-story tower flanked by two wings. The third story of the tower had three arched openings on each side and an arched central entrance facing the south. Jonas McCune became the owner within a year after construction and the property became known as McCune&#39;s Villa.</p><br>
<p>Several others owned the property prior to John Sutphin Jones, a coal and railroad magnate, who purchased the property in 1905. Jones soon hired Frank Packard, a well known Columbus architect, to orchestrate the renovation of the mansion. The project took nearly five years and transformed the mansion into its Georgian-Federal style design. Among other renovations, Packard added the wings, increasing the width of the house from 100 to 140 feet, as well as the great Federal style portico on the south wall of the tower. The additions to the mansion were made from the same quarry stone as the original. Packard also constructed the outbuildings: the carriage house, the laundry house, and the horse barn.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the mansion has a combination of Federal and Georgian motifs. The decorative plaster ceilings are in the Adams (Federal-McIntire) manner.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Jones named the estate “Bryn Du”, which means Black Hill in Welsh, honoring his ancestral background and the area full of coal in which he made his fortune, namely southern Ohio.</p><br>
<h2>Jones&#39; occupancy</h2><br>
<p>Jones "town house" being Monomoy Place, currently the home of the presidents of Denison University, Jones bought and renovated the McCunes Villa to serve as the country house for his first wife Sarah Fidelia Follett ("Sally") Jones. Unfortunately, Sally died in 1910, just as the renovations were being completed. Jones then remarried 1 August 1911, and lived in the mansion with his second wife, Alice Baxter Bartlett Jones, and their two daughters, Sallie and Alice. During the Jones’ occupancy, dinner was served to Calvin Coolidge, William Howard Taft and Warren G. Harding at the Mansion. Lillian Gish and Katharine Cornell sipped coffee and Paderewski and Rachmaninoff played the Steinway.</p><br>
<p>Jones died in 1927 and his elder daughter, Sallie Jones Sexton, inherited the property, living on the estate while managing the farm and the Granville Inn. Sallie became a local legend, famous for breeding and training show horses, and for her vivid personality and colorful language. Sallie&#39;s storied management style led the estate into bankruptcy.</p><br>
<p>William M. and Ortha A. Wright (no relation to the original Wright owners) purchased the property in 1979 and renovated the mansion into a restaurant for a brief time. Quest International purchased the property in 1989 for their company headquarters.</p><br>
<h2>Longaberger era</h2><br>
<p>Dave Longaberger purchased the estate in 1995. Longaberger constructed the game courts and field house facilities and began a major renovation project of the existing buildings, which halted at the time of his death in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>An advisory election was held in November 2002 in the Village of Granville to determine public opinion regarding the purchase of the property. Sixty two percent of the voters in the Village of Granville supported the property purchase. The Village purchased the property on December 16, 2002, from the Longaberger Company. The Village conveyed ownership of half of the front field (16.12 acres) to the Granville Township for green space preservation.</p><br>
<p>The Brigham Young Oil Well is an oil seep near Evanston, Wyoming, United States that was discovered and used by the original Mormon expedition to Utah under the leadership of Brigham Young. The party used the oil on the surface to lubricate wagon wheel hubs, as polish, and as a poultice. After the party reached Great Salt Lake, a group returned and dug a well at the seep for other pioneers. The well served until 1869 when the Union Pacific Railroad brought petroleum to Salt Lake City.</p><br>
<p>It is believed that the trappers who built Fort Bridger were aware of the well; however, its first published description appeared in an 1848 guidebook written by a W. Clayton, who accompanied the initial Mormon expedition that had settled the Salt Lake Valley in the previous year. Oil is comparatively plentiful in the immediate vicinity of the Young Oil Well. Among the nearest is the White Oil Well, located on the Hilliard Flat elsewhere in the same township, which Judge C.M. White began working in 1867. Although he reached a depth of 480 ft, he abandoned it in 1868; an oil company from Evanston later attempted to obtain more petroleum from the same site, but their efforts were soon abandoned.</p><br>
<p>The issuance of oil at the Young Well is believed to be the result of an underlying fault. Although secondary to the larger Absaroka Fault, it is substantial enough to permit the ascension of petroleum from oil shale. Both Hilliard Flat wells yield heavy crude oil; a 1905 survey suggested that it is derived from the same source as the region&#39;s lighter Benton oil and proposed that the lighter content of the Hilliard Flat oil evaporates before it reaches the surface. This survey observed that oil seepage was then limited to just a few gallons per day.</p><br>
<p>In 1985, the site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places because of its importance to the pioneers of 1847.</p><br>
